The Impact of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors on Myopia Progression: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Myopia has emerged as a significant global public health concern, with its prevalence increasing at an alarming rate. While genetics play a role, the rapid rise suggests that modern lifestyle and environmental changes are primary drivers of axial elongation. Aims and scope: This narrative review evaluates the current evidence regarding the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental factors on myopia progression to provide clinical insights for management. Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted using 20 peer-reviewed sources from the last six years, focusing on outdoor light exposure, digital device usage, urbanization, and circadian rhythm disruptions. Result: High-intensity outdoor light exposure is strongly protective against myopia progression. Conversely, excessive near-work and digital screen time, exacerbated by recent pandemic-related home confinements, are significant risk factors. Emerging evidence also identifies urbanization and poor sleep quality as critical contributors to axial growth. Conclusion: Myopia progression is heavily influenced by modifiable environmental and lifestyle variables. Clinical management must prioritize behavioral interventions alongside optical and pharmacological treatments to mitigate the risk of high myopia complications.