Characteristics And Typology Of Crime : Conventional,Non-Conventional,And White-Collar Crime

Abstract

Crime is a dynamic social phenomenon that evolves alongside changes in society, technology, and economic structures. This study examines the characteristics and typology of crime, focusing on three interconnected dimensions: conventional and non-conventional crime, the typology of white-collar criminals, and the development of crime patterns in modern society. Employing a qualitative library research method, this study draws on criminological theories and relevant Indonesian legislation. The findings reveal that conventional crime including theft, assault, and robbery is direct, visible, and locally contained, while non-conventional crime encompasses technologically mediated and organizationally complex offenses such as cybercrime, terrorism, and transnational organized crime. White collar crime, introduced by Sutherland, demonstrates that criminal behavior is not limited to lower social strata but extends to educated professionals who exploit positions of trust and authority. The development of crime typologies reflects a shift from physical violence to economic, corporate, and digital offenses, each requiring distinct prevention and enforcement strategies. This study concludes that a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary approach is essential to effectively address the increasingly sophisticated landscape of modern crime.