The Relationship of Working Hours, Work Stress, and Smoking Habits with the Incidence of Hypertension among Bendi (Horse-Drawn Carriage) Drivers in the Jam Gadang Tourism Area, Bukittinggi City, in 2026

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertension is known as a "silent killer" because it often presents no symptoms, leaving many sufferers unaware of their condition. Bendi (traditional horse-drawn carriage) drivers are at risk of hypertension due to long working hours, exposure to various stressors while on the job, and smoking habits. This study aimed to determine the relationship between working hours, work stress, and smoking habits and the incidence of hypertension among bendi drivers in the Jam Gadang Tourism Area, Bukittinggi City, in 2026. Methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 60 bendi drivers selected via total sampling. The study was conducted from June 27 to July 10, 2026. Data were collected through questionnaires and blood pressure measurements. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: Univariate results showed that 48 respondents (80.0%) had working hours classified as high-risk; 30 respondents (50.0%) experienced mild work stress and 30 (50.0%) experienced moderate work stress; 35 respondents (58.3%) were heavy smokers; and 36 respondents (60.0%) had hypertension. Bivariate results indicated a relationship between working hours and hypertension (p=0.050), work stress and hypertension (p=0.004), and smoking habits and hypertension (p=0.003). Conclusion: It is concluded that there are relationships between working hours, work stress, and smoking habits and the incidence of hypertension. It is recommended that bendi (horse-drawn carriage) drivers regulate their working hours, make effective use of break times, manage stress, cut down on smoking, and undergo regular blood pressure checks. The Health Office is expected to enhance health education and blood pressure screening as a preventive measure against hypertension, while the Tourism Office is expected to increase training on occupational health and the prevention of hypertension risk factors.